Gravity assist or gravitational slingshot [1] is a specific type of maneuver that's different from the Hohmann transfer that Chandrayaan-3 is seen taking in your video.
yeah but notice the JAXA one is different, since it approaches the moon twice.
It starts sort of the same way, but then it uses the moon's own attraction to project itself much further out and then come back approaching the moon in a different way.
Very true, although I assume that most or all of those listed have their own form of ITAR. Space (mostly defense) is inherently siloed to country borders.
I can't speak for the other nations, but Space technology in Canada is controlled under the Controlled Goods Program (CGP). A CGP clearance is obtainable as a Permanent Resident. No citizenship required. Various Canadian companies are suppliers/partners for space projects in the US. For example the Artemis project is using the Canadian company MDA as a key supplier (to manufacture space robotic systems, including a newer version of the robotic arm currently on the ISS). SpaceX also has a number of Canadian suppliers, although their involvement is not advertised very much.
> Isn't that most large capital intensive efforts?
No.
For example in university i was part of a satellite design competition. We couldn’t let Chinese nationals on the team or we’d be breaking the law. There was a list of approved countries a team member could have citizenship from, if not we’d be guilty of violating export controls.
Not generally known, I think, but Canada is technically part of ESA. Not a full member, a 'Cooperating State', but there are some benefits. Wiki sez "Canadian firms can bid for and receive contracts to work on (ESA) programmes."
Strictly speaking for American contractors, I'm 99% sure that is not true. If you have any contract with the government for space stuff, all of your workers have to be citizens. I'm not even sure they'd let a permanent resident work there because of ITAR.
Permanent residents are considered US persons under ITAR, so provided the company's activities are limited to civilian space projects it isn't an issue. However, if the company has defense contracts and requires employees to obtain a security clearance, that requires citizenship.
>Alternatively, many of the private space companies don't have citizenship requirements.
In America at least private companies are equally covered by ITAR, so they do have citizenship/greencard requirements (or need a variance that is nearly never granted in practice). SpaceX can't just hire international talent as it wishes. I assume there may be similar rules in some other countries, though certainly not all. But it's not merely a matter of private vs public fwiw.
Not really true. The industry has grown dramatically in the last 10 years and is hiring aggressively. There are budgetary ups and downs (both for privately funded stuff and NASA), but overall, if you are an American and are passionate about getting involved in the space industry, there are countless opportunities to do so.
Very true. Many space startups and NASA contractors always hiring. But aerospace famously pays peanuts (I think too many fanboys who just hear “space” and sign on dotted line)
> The farmers saved a percentage of the seeds and sowed them again the next spring. However, this is not a lucrative model for profit-oriented multinational companies, since the seed breeders only earn a profit during the first sale and not again every year.
Was the "inability of the produced seeds to be sowed again and turn into a crop" intentionally baked into the seeds sold by these companies, purely for profits?
Or was there a genuine biological / physical limiting factor? E.g. crop will be more susceptible to pests?
Nearly all modern crops are hybrid strains, which means the offspring won't have the same genotype as the parents. This is the real reason why re-planting doesn't work well. It's not anything nefarious.
"Nearly all modern crops are hybrid strains"
This is a "citation needed" situation here, the corn & Canola seed markets are certainly dominated by hybrids but very plentiful drops like wheat and rice are not to the best of my knowledge. If you have sources for this I am very interested to read up on it.
>Was the "inability of the produced seeds to be sowed again and turn into a crop" intentionally baked into the seeds sold by these companies, purely for profits?
No, it's purely a contractual limitation. Farmers need to sign the rights away and performing experiments with seeds blown on your land is considered a breech of contact law (i.e. you don't even need to purchase the seeds to violate IP regulations). https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/feb/12/monsanto...
if the pipes are cut from a Spanning Tree connecting all the hexagons (like the one you witness once you have solved), then yes, for those give pipe pieces, there should be only one solution.
