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In almost every system with failsafes there will be conditions that can bypass them. The goal is not to make it impossible for the unsafe condition to happen, but to make it so that in the expected uses the failure will not happen.

In this case it's a domestic microwave and the mainboard is housed inside the electronics enclosure, so covering the whole mainboard in salt water is not an expected occurrence in a domestic kitchen.


But there are ~1 billion microwaves in the world... I'm sure it has happened somewhere. As a designer of a billion-sold device, your job is to make sure that the expected number of people harmed by your device is substantially less than one, which gets really hard when all the risks are multiplied by 1e9.

Your job is to make sure the number of people harmed _while using the device as intended in a reasonable situation_ is as close to 0 as possible.

A domestic microwave is for use only on land, indoors, in a domestic kitchen, and in an unmodified form. In these conditions there is no conceivable way that salt water could saturate the main board, or bypass all the interlocks in another way.

Yes there are ways that all the safety systems can be bypassed, but not while a reasonable person is using the device as intended.


> As a designer of a billion-sold device, your job is to make sure that the expected number of people harmed by your device is substantially less than one

Source? People take risk in their day to day life and should expect to take risk. Why would they expect their microwave to be completely free of risk?


At the moment in every jurisdiction I’m aware of the driver is always considered as “in charge” of the vehicle no matter what assistance functions are being used. It’s the driver’s responsibility to avoid collisions in all cases.

If you have a collision and your vehicle is judged at fault by whatever authority does it in your area the you are liable.


Mercedes Drive Pilot (“SAE Level 3”) is certified on some very specific stretches of insterstate in California to not require the driver to be responsible.

https://www.mbusa.com/en/owners/manuals/drive-pilot

Requirements:

- Stop and go traffic (or less than 40mph?)

- On some specific sections of highway

- Driver doesn’t need to monitor but must be ready to take over with 15(?) seconds of the system requesting

> Mercedes-Benz is assuming liability for any crashes or incidents that occur while the autonomous system is active


That last criterion most assuredly will not be matched here.


that's really dumb of Mercedes take on that liability for little benefit - sell more cars, make more profit? My prediction is MB drops this or goes bankrupt in the next 10 years.


It's a marketing gimmick. The conditions under which it can be used are so restrictive that it's really not useful which means it will be rarely used so Mercedes exposure to liability is really quite small.


That’s what SAE L3/L4/L4 autonomous driving systems are about. The car takes full responsibility for a given set of conditions (ODD).


They need to take on that liability to let the human driver stop paying attention, and being able to do that is huge.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SiB8GVMNJkE

Not sure you understand how "The Formula" works. The profit generated by adding this feature will outweigh the cost of any resulting accidents that they take liability for.

A less pessimistic way of phrasing it is that within the boundaries they've defined, their self driving system is so much better than a human that they're willing to assume responsibility for crashes deemed "at-fault" while using the system.

Not intentionally trying to compare that with other automakers, but Mercedes is the only "you can buy now" vehicle (ignoring robotaxis/Waymo/others) that assumes liability with those capabilities. Until other automakers provide that legal guarantee, they're parlor tricks at best that will continue to get folks killed in scenarios that they otherwise wouldn't had they been actually paying attention.


What if there is no driver because the car is self driving?


I assume the same as if the car owner put a brick on the gas pedal and there was no driver when it had an accident


Found the Chief Legal Officer for Waymo


"Your honor, I don't know how to explain this to you any more simply. I wasn't driving, there was a brick on the gas pedal. It's not my responsibility, not my fault!"


Okay but what if I install servos and ask Claude Code to operate the vehicle for me?


Well that will depend on your local laws, but to my knowledge except for certain authorised pilot programs all cars on the road must have a driver.

Where I live if you are in the driver’s seat no matter if you were actually actively driving you are considered to be the driver. This has been well established here in drink-driving cases, but you’d have to ask a lawyer for your area.


On modern macOS applications can flag an input field as secure, which blocks keypress interception. The permission is fairly new, but the actual feature has always been there as part of the window server. I used it back in the 10.4 days to implement macro recording.

Classic Mac OS extensions on the other hand had free rein to modify any part of the kernel. They really could modify anything.


Yeah. I can see why they made the decision they did.


Don't most people already have a plug in their garage? All mine certainly have. There's no need to get full EVSE for most people, a 2.4kW outlet as found almost everywhere outside North America will easily handle daily driving needs for anyone who's not in a travelling job.

Also if everyone in your neighbourhood turning on a space heater strains the grid you have bigger problems.

Utilities have plenty of ways to solve that. We already have electric water heaters on demand controlled circuits and electricity billing that incentivises off-peak use.

And as for range? 400km is plenty for all but one trip a year, if that's an issue for your use perhaps EVs are not for you.


44 million US households have no garage, including ~2/3 of renters


Sounds like a market opportunity for kerb-side, low speed, charging points.

Not to mention parking garages for daytime parking at work.

Not to mention mall parking lots.

The garage is an obvious starting point, because your car spends a lot of time there, but there are lots of opportunities elsewhere.

Once upon a time 44 million households didn't have electricity. Things change.


I have no garage and work from home. So no workplace to charge.

So now you’ve added another thing I have to worry about - finding charging somewhere along my 10 minute errand route?

EVs are a bad solution to a problem I don’t have. Hybrids are much better.

For the small amount of driving I do, driving my commuter ICE car with a tiny, 35-mpg 4 cylinder engine is fine… why are the EV cultists so convinced their way is the only way and the rest of us are living in prehistoric times?

Plus, your EV is heavier than my ICE, so your tires shed rubber particulate more quickly than my tires due to the weight, which is also an environmental pollutant (that is toxic enough to kill wildlife, btw)

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abd6951


>> I have no garage and work from home. So no workplace to charge. So now you’ve added another thing I have to worry about - finding charging somewhere along my 10 minute errand route?

Your car lives somewhere when you're not doing errands. Expect a charging point there as demand for that grows.

Not to mention charging points at the mall, shops, restaurants and so on.

Clearly it will be a long time before EV replaces ICE completely. There was lots of horse infrastructure which changed when cars appeared.

But the pendulum is swinging and each motion there opens up new opportunities.

Also each motion has an impact on existing infrastructure. Expect gas stations to be less common, ditto for mechanics and so on.


>EV's produce 38% less tire & brake dust than ICE vehicles.

>non-exhaust emissions on an ICE vehicle are roughly 1/3 brake dust, 1/3 tire dust and 1/3 road dust. EV's have almost no impact on road dust, 83% lest brake dust and 20% more tire dust.

https://electrek.co/2025/05/27/another-way-electric-cars-cle...

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=46219820


> though much of this is attributable to a vehicle mix that is more focused on larger vehicles, as it seems like every EV manufacturer is making huge SUVs and few are making small cars

My point exactly. Your new EV has more tire dust (and probably more brake dust) than my old, smaller ICE.


The study found that despite EVs being heavier, they produce less total tire and break dust. They produce more tire dust, but less break dust.


Hence the urgent need for charging infrastructure: Incentives to install charges in homes and rental unit garages and at curbsides.


Isn't it a lot easier just to sell people hybrids instead?


No. It's really easy to install charging points on office parking space and supermarket. You don't need to plug at home when half of the day the car is parked at places with chargers.


Comments like this are bubble coded. Plenty of people don't park at an office, don't park at a supermarket, certainly not for half the day


Not half a day, but BEVs are impractical today if you don’t have home charging, but throw in restaurants, movie theaters, doctor’s and dentist’s offices, and L2 charging starts to become a practical alternative for many.


In the short run. When I replaced my minivan with a PHEV my gas bill went down $200/month, my electric bill went up $30. Chargers where people park is a long term investment in lower costs for everyone. Hopefully chargers are everywhere in the future so we don't need the ICE at all. (I just bought a EV, I've barely had it a week and already have run out of battery - I was just able to reach a charger, but it required changing my route since there were none along the route I wanted)


Yeah but don't we need to stop burning fossil fuels?


No? I haven't seen a "peak oil" article or prediction in at least ten years. It would be GREAT to reduce our dependence, to make them cleaner, to make them more efficient, and to increase the use of renewables. But who is saying we have to "stop" oil and gas?


I don't think reaching peak oil is the worry. The worry is climate change.

> But who is saying we have to "stop" oil and gas?

People who are concerned about climate change? Should we not be?


Global warming.


Absolutely. And Toyota agrees with you.

The people in this thread have lost their minds in a cult of EV.

I don’t know why EV has to be the answer to every question. There are plenty of economical hybrid options.


> There's no need to get full EVSE for most people,

It's a lot more comfortable though. It's been a great addition to the home to get an EVSE, even a small single-phase one.


> Don't most people already have a plug in their garage?

Good point, most people without garages should continue buying hybrid or ICE, because EVs aren't for them yet.


I dont have a garage, but there are at least 15+ curb side chargers in 250 meters walking distance of my house. No problem charging my Tesla.


How is the pricing? IME public charges are 2-3x as expensive as charging at home.


Company car, i don't see the bill, but i think it's about e0.46 - e0.50/kWh.


Kind of an important detail to leave out of your first post! It's a totally different calculus if you're not paying to charge the EV.


What about charging at work?


Yes, there are chargers there as well, i guess around 40 in the parking garage.


Nice


When will EVs be for them?


I was being a bit facetious, but I guess when either they're fortunate to live extremely close to a charger, or they have one in building, but then it seems like they'd be fighting for parking and charging space, which doesn't seem to me to compete favorably in terms of practicality. Or the housing market finally crashes and there's a viable path out of renting for those that want to do so.


When L2 errand charging becomes enough that they can keep up with daily travel by plugging in where they go and park for a while - restaurants, movie theaters, retail stores, doctor and dentist offices, etc.


I would like to see alternative charging approaches, as well, like inductive charging roads / parking spaces... this seems kind of cool: https://www.michigan.gov/mdot/travel/mobility/initiatives/wi...

That way I wouldn't need to stress over finding a charging place so often.


Yes it's so easy - Just tell the butler to put it on charge when you arrive home.


>Also if everyone in your neighbourhood turning on a space heater strains the grid you have bigger problems.

Welcome to Texas.

And with Texas a 200 mile+ driving day is just more common than people from smaller places experience.


People can't possibly be driving 200 miles a day, that can't be real.


Sure it can :).

Probably not 7 days a week, but a couple days a week, sure.

And of course not everyone. Maybe 10%?

Not that it matters. What do I care about the needs of some Texans? (I mean that non perjorativly). I mean just because ranchers still need horses doesn't mean the rest of us have to use them.

The world will go EV, even much of the US will go EV, regardless of what some folks need.


If you have to drive 200 miles a day to go to/come back from work its a policy failure and we should care about it.


Almost nobody is driving 200 miles to get to work. Almost everybody will move if their commute is more than half an hour - this is through out history and includes hunter gathers deciding to move the tribe, peasants walking to their field... There are a few people driving that far in the US, but either they are planning to move soon, or they don't expect the job to last long.

There are a lot of people driving more than 200 miles a day for work though. Many of them are in cars because their unique skills are why they need to be there (as opposed to delivery drivers who are bringing cargo).

There are also people who drive a long distance once a week. I know of a rural hospital that pays a lot of doctors to drive in on Thursday so locals don't have to go to the city. (they keep an ER, but the rest of the hospital is empty other than a few nurses the rest of the week)


So what is the limit of days you drive 200+ miles per year that make a full EV make sense?

In an average year I'll have 40+ days where I drive that much. Not for work, just for doing random things.

>a policy failure and we should care about it.

We should, but we won't because Oil/Gas/ICE cars spend an epic fuckload telling you that anything not related driving more is communism.


Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment (https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635) shows PET degrading very slowly in the environment. _Very_ slowly.

Researchers have found bacteria that do degrade PET using esterases though: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aad6359 and https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041202...

So I guess technically it's biodegradable? Though as it's an energy source give bacteria a few hundred years or so.


I just try to buy natural or the semi-synthetic cellulose fabrics, there's quite a variety.

Natural fabrics are cotton, silk, wool and linen of course, but the semi-synthetic fabrics like the rayons (viscose, modal, "bamboo", Tencel, Lyocell, Bemberg, and some sorts of artificial silk) are wood cellulose chemically rearranged so they're just cellulose when they reach you.

The fabric referred to as Acetate is cellulose acetate, so not pure cellulose like cotton and rayon but is just as biodegradable and contains no petroleum plastics.

Of course the production process for viscose rayons (not Tencel/Lyocell/Modal - those use a different process) isn't great. It uses carbon disulfide which is a neurotoxin. However it's not a persistent pollutant. Modern factories in the west try to capture and recycle as much carbon disulfide as possible (it's released from the rayon during processing and can be fed back in to the process) but as a lot of factories are in countries with poor controls on this it's hard to tell how many are doing this.


ive recently found some rayon shirts I really like, but how do you wash them without destroying them? everything I've read online says dry cleaning is the only way


For viscose most rayon a gentle cycle in a front loading washing machine is generally fine, though the more silk-like variants are less resilient. You might want to put it in a garment washing bag to make sure it doesn't get stretched while wet. If you don't have that it's dry-clean only.

Varieties like modal and Lyocell are machine washable.


Wow that is stupid. NZ banned disposable or non-rechargeable vapes only, refillable/pod-swappable and rechargeable ones are still on sale.


As accurate as our knowledge of genetics, which is not very outside of the identified set of pathological genes associated with hereditary disorders.

Your genome is very complex and we don’t have a model of how every gene interacts with every other and how they’re affected by your environment. Geneticists are working on it, but it’s not here yet.

And remember that 23andMe, Ancestry, and most other services only sequence around 1% of your genome.


I'd guess it's much less accurate than that.

Part of genetics is pattern matching, and last time I checked I still can't find a model that can correctly solve hard Sudokus (well, assuming you don't pick a coding model that writes a Sudoku solver.. maybe some of them are trying to do genetics by doing correct algorithms), a trivial job if you write a program that is designed to do it.


As a consumer I used to use it all the time, though it matters a lot less these days. Two A4 pages at 50% zoom (A5) fit on one A4. You could cut your printing cost for drafts in half by doing that, back when we had to actually print to check the layout. Same went for posters etc, and since the aspect ratio was preserved it was really handy to preview at home on A4 sheet before taking it to the print shop.

I’m sure you can do that on other size systems, but ISO paper sizing gives you accurate scaling.

Same goes for photocopies, photocopiers can scale copies so two A4 sheets copy to one, if you don’t need the same size.


> Two A4 pages at 50% zoom (A5) fit on one A4.

This assumes there are no errors anywhere in the sizes or alignments of the A4 base page or either A5. Otherwise, you'll have an A5 running over an edge of the A4 or both A5s overlapping in the middle.

If your pages are designed with margins on the assumption that errors in the paper are common, this issue disappears because the margins cover for it. But still, if I wanted to do a display of two 8.5" x 11" sheets of paper, I'd want a board that was bigger than 17" x 11".


Sizing errors are essentially unheard of, and I've never seen anyone having any trouble with joining or folding ISO paper to go one size up/down. It's a completely normal operation, which people working in printing and publishing will routinely do without a second thought.

For commercial printing, there's the SRA paper series (Supplementary Raw) which is designed to accommodate bleed and alignment bars. An A4 glossy magazine, for example, might be printed on SRA3 and will be trimmed, folded, and stapled automatically at the end of the printing process. But that's a technical detail for the printer to care about - the publisher or designer might specify "folded A3 with bleeds", and the printer will choose the correct raw format to provide that within their printing system.


As the other commenter said, alignment issues have never been a problem.

If you're manually aligning the sheets on the photocopier bed maybe, but the edges are set up for that so it's never been an issue for me. However every photocopier I've used that was made since the late 90s lets you do the sheets individually so you can use the copier bed to align each one.

Because the ability to scale like this is so ubiquitous we're just all used to doing it.


I had the reverse, we had to get a ream of US Letter and corresponding envelopes sent over so we could ensure the layouts printed properly. Also some chequ… “checks” which were fascinating.


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