1. Behave usefully when practical, if given valid data.
2. Do not behave intolerably, even when given maliciously crafted data.
For a program to be considered usable, point #1 may be sometimes be negotiable (e.g. when given an input file which, while valid, is too big for the available memory). Point #2, however, should be considered non-negotiable.
If integer calculations that overflow are allowed to behave in loosely-defined fashion, that will often be sufficient to allow programs to meet requirement #2 without the need for any source or machine code to control the effects of overflow. If programmers have to take explicit control over the effects of overflow, however, that will prevent compilers from making of the any useful overflow-related options that would be consistent with loosely-defined behavior.
Under the kind of model I have in mind, a compiler would be allowed to treat temporary integer objects as being capable of holding values outside the range of their types, which would allow a compiler to optimize e.g. x*y/y to x, or x+y>y to x>0, but the effects of overflow would be limited to the computation of potentially weird values. If a program would meet requirements regardless of what values a temporary integer object holds, allowing such objects to acquire such weird values may be more efficient than requiring that programs write code to prevent computation of such values.
Integer overflows that yield "weird values" in one place can easily lead to disasterous bugs in another place. So the safest thing in general would be to abort on integer overflow. But I'm sure there are applications where that, too, is intolerable. Kinda hard to have constraint 2 then.
Having a program behave in unreliably uselessly unpredictable fashion can only be tolerable in cases where nothing the program would be capable of doing would be intolerable. Such situations exist, but they are rare.
Otherwise, the question of what behaviors would be tolerable or intolerable is something programmers should know, but implementations cannot. If implementations offer loose behavioral guarantees, programmers can determine if they meet requirements. If an implementation offers no guarantees whatsoever, however, that is not possible.
If the only thing about overflow is that temporary values may hold weird results, and if certain operations upon a "weird" result (e.g. assignment to anything other than an automatic object whose address is never taken) will coerce it into a possibly-partially-unspecified number within type's range, then a program may ensure that behavior will be acceptable regardless of what weird values result from computation.
According to the published Rationale, the authors of C89 would have expected that something like:
unsigned mul(unsigned short x, unsigned short y)
{ return (x*y); }
would on most implementations yield an arithmetically-correct result even for values of (x*y) between INT_MAX+1U and UINT_MAX. Indeed, I rather doubt they could imagine any compiler for a modern system would do anything other than yield an arithmetically-correct result or--maybe--raise a signal or terminate the program. In some cases, however, that exact function will disrupt the behavior of its caller in nonsensical fashion. Do you think such behavior is consistent with the C89 Committee's intention as expressed in the Rationale?
> Do you think such behavior is consistent with the C89 Committee's intention as expressed in the Rationale?
No, but in general I'm ok with integer overflows causing disruptions (and I'm happy that compilers provide an alternative, in the form of fwrapv, for those who don't care).
I do think that the integer promotions are a mistake. I would also welcome a standard, concise, built-in way to perform saturating or overflow-checked arithmetic that both detects overflows as well as allows you to ignore them and assume an implementation-defined result.
As it is, preventing overflows the correct way is needlessly verbose and annoying, and leads to duplication of apis (like reallocarray).
I wouldn't mind traps on overflow, though I think overflow reporting with somewhat loose semantics that would allow an implementation to produce arithmetically correct results when convenient, and give a compiler flexibility as to when overflow is reported, could offer much better performance than tight overflow traps. On the other hand, the above function will cause gcc to silently behave in bogus fashion even if the result of the multiplication is never used in any observable fashion.
1. Behave usefully when practical, if given valid data.
2. Do not behave intolerably, even when given maliciously crafted data.
For a program to be considered usable, point #1 may be sometimes be negotiable (e.g. when given an input file which, while valid, is too big for the available memory). Point #2, however, should be considered non-negotiable.
If integer calculations that overflow are allowed to behave in loosely-defined fashion, that will often be sufficient to allow programs to meet requirement #2 without the need for any source or machine code to control the effects of overflow. If programmers have to take explicit control over the effects of overflow, however, that will prevent compilers from making of the any useful overflow-related options that would be consistent with loosely-defined behavior.
Under the kind of model I have in mind, a compiler would be allowed to treat temporary integer objects as being capable of holding values outside the range of their types, which would allow a compiler to optimize e.g. x*y/y to x, or x+y>y to x>0, but the effects of overflow would be limited to the computation of potentially weird values. If a program would meet requirements regardless of what values a temporary integer object holds, allowing such objects to acquire such weird values may be more efficient than requiring that programs write code to prevent computation of such values.