When I see a study like this, I think: Who is eating all these ultra-processed foods? The answer I hypothesize is: Generally stressed folks with little time, and often not a lot of money. Also if one is dependent on drugs or alcohol, processed foods are often the way to go( if you do eat ). So while I do not disregard the possibility that the (extra)ingredients used might be a culprit, I think other factors probably play big part also.